- 54% working population engaged in farms as cultivators and labourers
- Low skills pushing more workers to become agricultural labourers
- Only 2% (nearly 9 million) Indian workers formally skilled
India: Workers and Participation Rates: As many as 54% of all workers and 72% of the rural workforce in India are engaged in farm-related activities.
| No. Of Workers (in million) | Worker Participation Rate (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Rural | Urban | Total | Rural | Urban |
| 482 | 349 | 133 | 40 | 42 | 35 |
| Farm Workers | Total (in million) | % of Total Workers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Rural | Urban | Total | Rural | Urban | |
| Cultivators | 119 | 115 | 4 | 25 | 3 | 3 |
| Agricultural Labourers | 144 | 137 | 7 | 30 | 39 | 6 |
| Total farm workers | 263 | 252 | 11 | 54 | 72 | 8 |
Source: Census 2011
Cultivators or land-owning farmers are decreasing and agricultural labourers are increasing in the farm sector, IndiaSpend had earlier reported. The growth of the agriculture sector has been fluctuating and the growth rate dropped to 0.02% in the last quarter of 2014-15. As India’s economy developed, the share of the agriculture sector is shrinking, but 600 million people are still dependent on the sector. Since skill development among the working population is low, an increasing number of people are shifting to farm labour. Low skills compel them to either work as farm labourers or take up low-paying jobs.
| Year | Agriculture and allied services | Industry | Mining and quarrying | Manufacturing | Services |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950-51 | 51.9 | 16.2 | 1.8 | 9 | 29.5 |
| 1960-61 | 47.7 | 20.1 | 2.2 | 11 | 30.2 |
| 1970-71 | 41.7 | 23.6 | 2.2 | 12.7 | 33.3 |
| 1980-81 | 35.7 | 25.7 | 2.6 | 14 | 37.7 |
| 1990-91 | 29.5 | 27.6 | 3.5 | 15.1 | 42.6 |
| 2000-01 | 22.3 | 27.3 | 3 | 15.5 | 50.5 |
| 2010-11 | 14.6 | 27.9 | 2.3 | 16.2 | 57.5 |
| 2013-14 | 13.9 | 26.1 | 1.9 | 14.9 | 59.9 |
Source: Niti Aayog
Make-In-India and Skill-India Missions Miss Agriculture: In 2020, the average age of India’s population at around 29 years is expected to be among the lowest in the world,” said the Economic survey 2014-15. “Consequently, while the global economy is expected to witness a shortage of young population of around 56 million by 2020, India will be the only country with a youth surplus of 47 million. These young people need to be healthy, suitably educated, and appropriately skilled to contribute optimally to the economy.”
The current size of India’s formally-skilled workforce is small, approximately 2%, the Survey said, quoting a labour bureau report. “This number compares poorly with smaller countries like South Korea and Japan which report figures of 96% and 80%, respectively,” said the Survey. While the Survey emphasises the importance of tapping the demographic dividend, so does the Skill India mission.
However, the focus on agriculture is missing. With nearly 72% of the rural workforce dependent on the sector, the only advantage under Make-in-India is in the form of food processing. The government intends to invest Rs 9,800 crore ($1.5 billion) to set up 42 “mega” food parks.
62 agricultural universities are not helping agricultural growth: India has 62 agricultural universities under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. The Ministry of Agriculture has a department of agricultural research and education that has been allocated Rs 6,320 crore ($985 million) in the current financial year. However, the sector is short on growth and productivity. IndiaSpend has earlier traced the relationship between low agricultural productivity and poor farm growth.
(Saumya Tewari is a policy analyst with IndiaSpend.)
(Top photo: Tribal workers in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district. Photo by Vivian Fernandes)
